Preface v
Foreword vii
Editors-in-Chief xi
Editorial Board xv
Advisory Panel xxi
List of Contributors xxii

Volume 1

Section 1 – Fundamentals of Optics for Displays
1.1 Properties of Light
1.1.1 Properties of Light 5
Timothy D. Wilkinson
1.2 Geometric Optics
1.2.1 Geometric Optics 23
Timothy D. Wilkinson
1.3 Optical Modulation
1.3.1 Optical Modulation 47
Timothy D. Wilkinson

Section 2 – Human Vision and Photometry
2.1 Vision and Perception
2.1.1 Anatomy of the Eye 73
Christine Garhart Lakshminarayanan
2.1.2 Light Detection and Sensitivity 85
Lakshminarayanan
2.1.3 Visual Acuity 93
Lakshminarayanan
2.1.4 Flicker Sensitivity 101
Lakshminarayanan
2.1.5 Spatial Vision and Pattern Perception 109
L. Srinivasa Varadharajan
2.1.6 Binocular Vision and Depth Perception 121
Robert Earl Patterson
2.2 Color Science
2.2.1 Color Communication 131
Stephen Westland
2.2.2 The CIE System 139
Stephen Westland
2.2.3 RGB Systems 147
Stephen Westland Vien Cheung
2.2.4 CMYK Systems 155
Stephen Westland Vien Cheung
2.2.5 Uniform Color Spaces 161
Vien Cheung
2.2.6 Color Perception 171
Marina Bloj Monika Hedrich
2.2.7 Colour Vision Deficiencies 179
Lakshminarayanan
2.3 Visual Ergonomics
2.3.1 Displays in the Workplace 191
Sarah Sharples
2.3.2 Display Screen Equipment: Standards and Regulation 203
Sarah Atkinson
2.4 Photometry
2.4.1 Light Emission and Photometry 217
Teresa Goodman
xxiv Table of Contents
2.4.2 Measurement Instrumentation and Calibration Standards 229
Teresa Goodman
2.4.3 Overview of the Photometric Characterisation of Visual Displays 243
Teresa Goodman

Section 3 – Image Storage and Processing
3.1 Introduction to Electronic Imaging
3.1.1 Introduction to Electronic Imaging 261
Jon Peddie
3.2 Image Storage and Compression
3.2.1 Digital Image Storage and Compression 277
Tom Coughlin
3.2.2 Video Compression 287
Scott Janus
3.2.3 Fundamentals of Image Color Management 301
Matthew C. Forman Karlheinz Blankenbach
3.3 Image Manipulation
3.3.1 Digital Image Operations 313
Matthew C. Forman
3.3.2 Signal Filtering: Noise Reduction and Detail Enhancement 325
Karl G. Baum
3.3.3 TV and Video Processing 345
Scott Janus
3.4 Case Study: Medical Imaging and Display
3.4.1 Reliability and Fidelity of Medical Imaging Data 363
Alfred Poor
3.4.2 Ultrasound Imaging 373
Robert M. Nally
Table of Contents xxv
3.5 Case Study: Security Imaging and Display
3.5.1 Data Hiding and Digital Watermarking 387
Daniel Taranovsky
3.5.2 Biometrics and Recognition Technology 401
Daniel Taranovsky

Section 4 – Driving Displays
4.1 Direct Drive, Multiplex and Passive Matrix
4.1.1 Direct Drive, Multiplex and Passive Matrix 417
Karlheinz Blankenbach Andreas Hudak Michael Jentsch
4.2 Active Matrix Driving
4.2.1 Active Matrix Driving 441
Karlheinz Blankenbach
4.3 Panel Interfaces
4.3.1 Panel Interfaces: Fundamentals 461
Karlheinz Blankenbach
4.3.2 Serial Display Interfaces 471
Thomas Wirschem
4.3.3 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI®) 481
Jim Chase
4.4 Embedded Systems
4.4.1 Embedded Systems: Fundamentals 493
Karlheinz Blankenbach
4.4.2 Graphics Controllers 503
Andreas Grimm
xxvi Table of Contents
4.4.3 FPGA IP Cores for Displays 511
Davor Kovacˇec
4.4.4 APIX: High Speed Automotive Pixel Link 531
Markus Ro¨mer
4.5 Signal Processing Tasks
4.5.1 Video Processing Tasks 549
Markus Schu
4.5.2 Dimming of LED LCD Backlights 567
Chihao Xu Marc Albrecht Tobias Jung
4.6 Power Supply
4.6.1 Power Supply Fundamentals 577
Oliver Nachbaur
4.6.2 Power Supply Sequencing 591
Oliver Nachbaur

Volume 2

Section 5 – TFTs and Materials for Displays and
Touchscreens
5.1 Display Glass
5.1.1 Glass Substrates for AMLCD, OLED and Emerging Display
Platforms 599
Peter L. Bocko
5.2 Inorganic Semiconductor TFT Technology
5.2.1 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistors
(a Si:H TFTs) 627
A. J. Flewitt
5.2.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors (Poly-Si TFTs) 647
S. D. Brotherton
Table of Contents xxvii
5.3 Emerging TFT Technologies
5.3.1 Organic TFTs: Vacuum-Deposited Small-Molecule Semiconductors 677
Hagen Klauk
5.3.2 Organic TFTs: Solution-Processable Small-Molecule
Semiconductors 697
David Redinger Marcia Payne
5.3.3 Organic TFTs: Polymers 709
Feng Liu Sunzida Ferdous Alejandro L. Briseno
5.3.4 Oxide TFTs 729
Hideo Hosono
5.3.5 Carbon Nanotube TFTs 751
Axel Schindler
5.4 Transparent Conductors: ITO and ITO Replacements
5.4.1 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO): Sputter Deposition Processes 779
Paul Lippens Uwe Muehlfeld
5.4.2 ITO Replacements: Carbon Nanotubes 795
Axel Schindler
5.4.3 ITO Replacements: Polymers 809
Wilfried Lo¨venich Andreas Elschner
5.4.4 ITO Replacements: Insulator-Metal-Insulator Layers 819
Bernd Szyszka
5.5 Patterning Processes
5.5.1 Photolithography for Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid
Crystal Displays 835
Wen-yi Lin W. B. Wu K. C. Cheng Hsin Hung Li
5.5.2 Wet Etching 861
Hua-Chi Cheng
5.5.3 Dry Etching 871
Eugen Stamate Geun Young Yeom
xxviii Table of Contents
5.6 Flexible Displays
5.6.1 Flexible Displays: Attributes, Technologies Compatible with Flexible
Substrates and Applications 885
Kalluri R. Sarma
5.6.2 Flexible Displays: TFT Technology: Substrate Options and TFT
Processing Strategies 897
Kalluri R. Sarma
5.7 Touchscreen Technologies
5.7.1 Introduction to Touchscreen Technologies 935
Robert Phares Mark Fihn
5.7.2 Transparent Conducting Coatings on Polymer Substrates for
Touchscreens and Displays 975
Charles A. Bishop
5.7.3 Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives 989
Peter J. Opdahl
5.7.4 Touchscreen Computer Interfaces: Electronics 997
Lance Lamont Carol Crawford

Section 6 – Emissive Displays
6.1 Inorganic Phosphors
6.1.1 Luminescence of Phosphors 1013
Robert Withnall Jack Silver
6.1.2 Physics of Light Emission from Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors 1019
Robert Withnall Jack Silver
6.1.3 Chemistry and Synthesis of Inorganic Light Emitting Phosphors 1029
Jack Silver Robert Withnall
6.2 Cathodoluminescent Displays
6.2.1 Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) 1043
Gerhard Gassler
Table of Contents xxix
6.2.2 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays (VFDs) 1055
Andrew Stubbings
6.2.3 Field Emission Displays (FEDs) 1071
Yongchang Fan Mervyn Rose
6.2.4 New Field Emission Technologies 1105
Mervyn Rose Yongchang Fan
6.3 Plasma Display Panels
6.3.1 Plasma Display Panels 1139
David N. Liu
6.4 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays
6.4.1 Light Emitting Diodes: Fundamentals 1155
M. R. Krames
6.4.2 LED Display Applications and Design Considerations 1169
Robbie Thielemans
6.5 Inorganic Electroluminescent Displays
6.5.1 Thin Film Electroluminescence (TFEL) 1183
Adrian H. Kitai Feng Chen
6.5.2 AC Powder Electroluminescence (ACPEL) and Devices 1193
Feng Chen Adrian H. Kitai
6.6 Organic Electroluminescent Displays
6.6.1 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDS) 1209
Ruiqing Ma
6.6.2 Active Matrix for OLED Displays 1223
Ruiqing Ma
xxx Table of Contents

Volume 3

Section 7 – Liquid Crystal Displays
7.1 Liquid Crystal Fundamentals and Materials
7.1.1 Materials and Phase Structures of Calamitic and Discotic Liquid
Crystals 1243
J. W. Goodby
7.1.2 Introduction to Defect Textures in Liquid Crystals 1289
J. W. Goodby
7.1.3 Liquid Crystal Materials for Devices 1315
Melanie Klasen-Memmer Harald Hirschmann
7.1.4 Physical Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals 1343
Carl V. Brown
7.2 Liquid Crystal Material Physics
7.2.1 Optics of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Displays 1365
Philip W. Benzie Steve J. Elston
7.2.2 Alignment Properties of Liquid Crystals 1387
Lesley Parry Jones
7.2.3 Liquid Crystal Theory and Modelling 1403
N. J. Mottram C. J. P. Newton
7.3 LCD Device Technology
7.3.1 Twisted Nematic and Supertwisted Nematic LCDs 1433
Peter Raynes
7.3.2 Smectic LCD Modes 1445
Per Rudquist
7.3.3 In-Plane Switching (IPS) Technology 1469
Hyungki Hong
7.3.4 Vertically Aligned Nematic (VAN) LCD Technology 1485
Hidefumi Yoshida
Table of Contents xxxi
7.3.5 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 1507
Cliff Jones
7.3.6 Cholesteric Reflective Displays 1545
David Coates
7.3.7 Polymer Dispersed LCDs 1565
Francesco Bloisi Luciano Rosario Maria Vicari
7.4 LCD Addressing
7.4.1 Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCDs) 1589
Mervyn Rose
7.5 LCD Backlights and Films
7.5.1 LCD Backlights 1609
Gary Boyd
7.5.2 Optical Enhancement Films 1625
Gary Boyd
7.6 LCD Production
7.6.1 LCD Processing and Testing 1649
Yoshitaka Yamamoto
7.7 Emerging Technologies
7.7.1 The p-Cell 1675
Philip Bos
7.7.2 Flexoelectro-Optic Liquid Crystal Displays 1681
Harry J. Coles Stephen M. Morris

Section 8 – Paper-Like and Low Power Displays
8.1 Colorant Transposition Displays
8.1.1 Electrophoretic Displays 1699
Karl Amundson
xxxii Table of Contents
8.1.2 In-Plane Electrophoretic Displays 1715
Kars-Michiel H. Lenssen
8.1.3 Video-Speed Electrowetting Display Technology 1731
Johan Feenstra
8.1.4 Droplet-Driven Electrowetting Displays 1747
Frank Bartels
8.1.5 Electrofluidic Displays 1761
Kaichang Zhou Jason Heikenfeld
8.2 MEMS-based Displays
8.2.1 Mirasol® – MEMS-based Direct View Reflective Display
Technology 1777
Ion Bita Alok Govil Evgeni Gusev
8.2.2 Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter Displays 1787
Daniel K. Van Ostrand Ram Ramakrishnan

Section 9 – 3D Displays
9.1 3D Display Fundamentals
9.1.1 Introduction to 3D Displays 1807
Mark Fihn
9.1.2 Human Factors of 3D Displays 1815
Robert Earl Patterson
9.2 Stereoscopic 3D Display Technology
9.2.1 Introduction to Projected Stereoscopic Displays 1825
Lenny Lipton
9.2.2 Addressing Stereoscopic 3D Displays 1831
Matthew C. Forman
9.2.3 3D Cinema Technology 1843
Bernard Mendiburu
Table of Contents xxxiii
9.3 Autostereoscopic 3D Display Technology
9.3.1 Autostereoscopic Displays 1861
Adrian Travis
9.3.2 Head- and Eye-Tracking Solutions for Autostereoscopic
and Holographic 3D Displays 1875
Enrico Zschau Stephan Reichelt
9.3.3 Emerging Autostereoscopic Displays 1899
Phil Surman Ian Sexton
9.4 Volumetric & Pseudo-Volumetric 3D Display Technologies
9.4.1 Volumetric 3D Displays 1917
Barry G. Blundell
9.4.2 Pseudo-Volumetric 3D Display Solutions 1933
Ismo Rakkolainen
9.5 Holographic 3D Displays
9.5.1 Principles of Display Holography 1945
Graham Saxby
9.5.2 Electronic Holographic Displays – 20 Years of Interactive Spatial
Imaging 1963
Mark E. Lucente

Volume 4

Section 10 – Mobile Displays, Microdisplays, Projection and Headworn Displays
10.1 Mobile Displays
10.1.1 Introduction to Mobile Displays 1983
Jyrki Kimmel
10.1.2 Transflective Displays for Mobile Devices 1993
Jyrki Kimmel
10.1.3 Alternative Technologies for Mobile Direct-View Displays 2003
Jyrki Kimmel
xxxiv Table of Contents
10.1.4 Liquid Crystal Optics for Mobile Displays 2013
Jyrki Kimmel
10.1.5 Energy Aspects of Mobile Display Technology 2023
Jyrki Kimmel
10.2 Microdisplay Technologies
10.2.1 Introduction to Microdisplays 2033
Ian Underwood
10.2.2 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Reflective Microdisplays 2043
Ian Underwood
10.2.3 Transmissive Liquid Crystal Microdisplays 2057
Ian Underwood
10.2.4 MEMS Microdisplays 2067
Hakan Urey Sid Madhavan Margaret Brown
10.2.5 DLP® Projection Technology 2081
David W. Monk
10.2.6 OLED and Other Emissive Microdisplays 2095
Ian Underwood
10.3 Microdisplay Applications: Projection Systems
10.3.1 Methods of 2-D Image Formation in Microdisplay-based and
Related Systems 2111
Ian Underwood
10.3.2 Digital Cinema Projection 2125
David W. Monk
10.3.3 Data Projectors 2135
Patrick Vandenberghe
10.4 Microdisplay Applications: Head-Worn Displays (HWDs)
10.4.1 See-Through Head Worn Display (HWD) Architectures 2145
Jannick P. Rolland Kevin P. Thompson Hakan Urey Mason Thomas
Table of Contents xxxv
10.4.2 Human Interface Factors Associated with HWDs 2171
Robert Earl Patterson
10.4.3 Optical Components for Head-Worn Displays 2183
Ozan Cakmakci Michael J. Hayford
10.4.4 Examples of HWD Architectures: Low-, Mid- and Wide-Field of
View Designs 2195
Ozan Cakmakci Jannick P. Rolland
10.5 Electronic Viewfinders
10.5.1 Electronic Viewfinders 2215
Ian Underwood David Steven
10.6 Emerging Technologies
10.6.1 Multifocus Displays 2229
Brian T. Schowengerdt Eric J. Seibel
10.6.2 Occlusion Displays 2251
Kiyoshi Kiyokawa
10.6.3 Cognitive Engineering and Information Displays 2259
Robert Earl Patterson Jannick P. Rolland

Section 11 – Display Metrology
11.1 Introduction to Display Metrology
11.1.1 Introduction to Display Metrology 2275
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.2 Standard Measurement Procedures
11.2.1 Luminance, Contrast Ratio and Grey Scale 2289
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.2.2 Color 2307
Karlheinz Blankenbach
xxxvi Table of Contents
11.3 Advanced Measurement Procedures
11.3.1 Spatial Effects 2331
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.3.2 Temporal Effects 2345
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.3.3 Viewing Angle 2367
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.3.4 Ambient Light 2383
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.4 Display Technology-Dependent Issues
11.4.1 Display Technology-Dependent Issues 2417
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.5 Standards and Test Patterns
11.5.1 Standards and Test Patterns 2429
Karlheinz Blankenbach
11.6 Measurement Devices
11.6.1 Measurement Devices 2447
Karlheinz Blankenbach

Section 12 – Display Markets and Economics
12.1 Introduction to Markets and Economics
12.1.1 The Problem with Forecasts 2471
Mark Fihn
12.1.2 Display Market Forecasting 2483
Ross Young
Table of Contents xxxvii
12.2 Economic Considerations
12.2.1 The Crystal Cycle 2493
David Barnes
12.2.2 Opportunities for Alternative Display Technologies: Touchscreens,
E-Paper Displays and OLED Displays 2499
Jennifer Colegrove
12.3 Computer Graphics
12.3.1 The History of Graphics: Software’s Sway Over Silicon 2511
Adam Kerin
12.3.2 Design Tools: Imaging, Vector Graphics and Design Evolution 2519
Kathleen Maher
12.4 High-Resolution Displays
12.4.1 Introduction to High-Resolution Displays 2541
Mark Fihn
12.4.2 Eye Resolution Displays 2551
Norman Bardsley
12.4.3 The IBM T221 9.2M Pixel Display 2563
Alan D. Jones
12.4.4 Multi-Display Desktops and the Case for More Pixels 2571
Andrew Garrard
12.5 High-Definition TV
12.5.1 LCDs, Growth and Market Coverage 2583
Bruce Berkoff
12.5.2 Quadrupling HD and Beyond 2589
Mark Fihn
12.6 3D Displays
12.6.1 Trends in the 3D TV Market 2599
Chris Chinnock
xxxviii Table of Contents
12.7 Green Technologies
12.7.1 The Display Industry in a Green World 2609
Keith J. Baker
12.7.2 Sustainability in LCD Manufacturing, Recycling and Reuse 2621
Avtar Singh Matharu

Glossary 2641
Index 2663